Ενωμένο Βασίλειο - traducción al Inglés
![Frederick II (left) meets al-Kamil (right). ''[[Nuova Cronica]]'' by [[Giovanni Villani]] (14th century).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Al-Kamil Muhammad al-Malik and Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor.jpg?width=200 "Frederick II (left) meets al-Kamil (right). ''[[Nuova Cronica]]'' by [[Giovanni Villani]] (14th century).")
![Depiction of Crusaders from a 1922 edition of ''[[Petit Larousse]]''](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Croisés.jpg?width=200 "Depiction of Crusaders from a 1922 edition of ''[[Petit Larousse]]''")
![Denier]] in European style with [[Holy Sepulchre]] (1162–75). Center: [[Kufic]] gold [[bezant]] (1140–80). Right: gold bezant with Christian symbol (1250s). Gold coins were first copied dinars and bore Kufic script, but after 1250 [[Christian symbols]] were added following Papal complaints (British Museum).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Crusader coins of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.jpg?width=200 "Denier]] in European style with [[Holy Sepulchre]] (1162–75). Center: [[Kufic]] gold [[bezant]] (1140–80). Right: gold bezant with Christian symbol (1250s). Gold coins were first copied dinars and bore Kufic script, but after 1250 [[Christian symbols]] were added following Papal complaints (British Museum).")
![Les Passages d'outremer faits par les Français contre les Turcs depuis Charlemagne jusqu'en 1462]]''.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Funeral of Baldwin I.jpg?width=200 "Les Passages d'outremer faits par les Français contre les Turcs depuis Charlemagne jusqu'en 1462]]''.")
![After the successful siege of Jerusalem in 1099, [[Godfrey of Bouillon]], leader of the First Crusade, became the first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Godefroi1099.jpg?width=200 "After the successful siege of Jerusalem in 1099, [[Godfrey of Bouillon]], leader of the First Crusade, became the first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.")
![Coronation of [[Maria of Montferrat]] and [[John of Brienne]], King of Jerusalem and [[Latin Emperor of Constantinople]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/JanBrienne.jpg?width=200 "Coronation of [[Maria of Montferrat]] and [[John of Brienne]], King of Jerusalem and [[Latin Emperor of Constantinople]]")
![[[Krak des Chevaliers]], [[Syria]]. [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Krak des Chevaliers 01.jpg?width=200 "[[Krak des Chevaliers]], [[Syria]]. [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]")
![[[Melisende Psalter]] Folio 9v - The Harrowing of Hell](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Melisende-Psalter f9v.jpg?width=200 "[[Melisende Psalter]] Folio 9v - The Harrowing of Hell")
![The [[Tower of David]] in [[Jerusalem]] as it appears today](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tower of david jerusalem.jpg?width=200 "The [[Tower of David]] in [[Jerusalem]] as it appears today")
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![The [[McLaren F1]], produced 1989-1998. Chief engineer: [[Gordon Murray]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/1996 McLaren F1 Chassis No 63 6.1 Front.jpg?width=200 "The [[McLaren F1]], produced 1989-1998. Chief engineer: [[Gordon Murray]].")
![An [[East Coast Main Line]] train in Northumberland](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/An LNER Azuma train on the East Coast Railway Line, geograph 6275180 by Walter Baxter.jpg?width=200 "An [[East Coast Main Line]] train in Northumberland")
![one of the best sites in Europe for wind energy]], and wind power production is its fastest-growing supply.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ardrossan's fan club. - panoramio.jpg?width=200 "one of the best sites in Europe for wind energy]], and wind power production is its fastest-growing supply.")
![The [[Bank of England]] is the [[central bank]] of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bank-of-England.jpg?width=200 "The [[Bank of England]] is the [[central bank]] of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based.")
![The [[Bayeux Tapestry]] depicts the [[Battle of Hastings]], 1066, and the events leading to it.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bayeux Tapestry WillelmDux.jpg?width=200 "The [[Bayeux Tapestry]] depicts the [[Battle of Hastings]], 1066, and the events leading to it.")
![Roman Baths]] in [[Bath, Somerset]], are a well-preserved ''[[thermae]]'' from [[Roman Britain]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Baños Romanos, Bath, Inglaterra, 2014-08-12, DD 39-41 HDR.JPG?width=200 "Roman Baths]] in [[Bath, Somerset]], are a well-preserved ''[[thermae]]'' from [[Roman Britain]].")
![[[Britannia]] is a [[national personification]] of the UK.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Britannia-Statue.jpg?width=200 "[[Britannia]] is a [[national personification]] of the UK.")
![The [[British Empire]] at its territorial peak in 1921](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/British Empire 1921.png?width=200 "The [[British Empire]] at its territorial peak in 1921")
![Irish Government]] and the governments of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/British Irish Council at Stirling Castle (7420592874).jpg?width=200 "Irish Government]] and the governments of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.")
![[[Gibraltar]]: The Mediterranean Sea from the [[Rock of Gibraltar]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Catalan Bay from The Rock.JPG?width=200 "[[Gibraltar]]: The Mediterranean Sea from the [[Rock of Gibraltar]]")
![The Colossus computer from 1944 at the National Museum of Computing in [[Bletchley Park]], UK](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Colossus computer.jpg?width=200 "The Colossus computer from 1944 at the National Museum of Computing in [[Bletchley Park]], UK")
.svg?width=200 "frameless")
![The [[London Underground]] is the world's oldest underground passenger railway.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Farringdon station MMB 22 S-Stock.jpg?width=200 "The [[London Underground]] is the world's oldest underground passenger railway.")
![[[HMS Victory]] was Lord Nelson's flagship at the victory at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]], in 1805.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/HMSVictory.jpg?width=200 "[[HMS Victory]] was Lord Nelson's flagship at the victory at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]], in 1805.")
![[[Alfred Hitchcock]] has been ranked as one of the greatest and most influential British filmmakers of all time.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/starsandstories/3664474/The-top-21-British-directors-of-all-time.html "The top 21 British directors of all time"]. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 19 June 2015.</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hitchcock, Alfred 02.jpg?width=200 "[[Alfred Hitchcock]] has been ranked as one of the greatest and most influential British filmmakers of all time.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/starsandstories/3664474/The-top-21-British-directors-of-all-time.html \"The top 21 British directors of all time\"]. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 19 June 2015.</ref>")
![Portrait of [[John Locke]] by [[Godfrey Kneller]] in 1697](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/John Locke.jpg?width=200 "Portrait of [[John Locke]] by [[Godfrey Kneller]] in 1697")
![[[Afternoon tea]] with sandwiches, scones and cakes](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/London-Liberty-Afternoon tea (2).jpg?width=200 "[[Afternoon tea]] with sandwiches, scones and cakes")
![[[Satellite image]] of the United Kingdom (excluding [[Shetland]])](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/MODIS - Great Britain and Northern Ireland - 2012-06-04 during heat wave (cropped).jpg?width=200 "[[Satellite image]] of the United Kingdom (excluding [[Shetland]])")
![The [[Palace of Westminster]] is the seat of both houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Palace of Westminster, London - Feb 2007.jpg?width=200 "The [[Palace of Westminster]] is the seat of both houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.")
.jpg?width=200 "Union Jack flags in London")
![St Andrews]], Scotland, the home of golf. The standard 18 hole golf course was created at St Andrews in 1764.<ref name="Forrest">Forrest L. Richardson (2002). "Routing the Golf Course: The Art & Science That Forms the Golf Journey". p. 46. John Wiley & Sons</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/R&A Clubhouse, Old Course, Swilcan Burn bridge.jpg?width=200 "St Andrews]], Scotland, the home of golf. The standard 18 hole golf course was created at St Andrews in 1764.<ref name=\"Forrest\">Forrest L. Richardson (2002). \"Routing the Golf Course: The Art & Science That Forms the Golf Journey\". p. 46. John Wiley & Sons</ref>")
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![Holyrood]], an area of [[Edinburgh]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Scottish Parliament - 49188771378.jpg?width=200 "Holyrood]], an area of [[Edinburgh]]")
![The [[Chandos portrait]], believed to depict [[William Shakespeare]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Shakespeare.jpg?width=200 "The [[Chandos portrait]], believed to depict [[William Shakespeare]]")
![Spitfire and Hurricane as flown in the [[Battle of Britain]] during World War II](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Spitfire and Hurricane in the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight.jpg?width=200 "Spitfire and Hurricane as flown in the [[Battle of Britain]] during World War II")
![order=flip}} wide and 25 [[tonne]]s, erected 2400–2200 BC.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Stonehenge, Condado de Wiltshire, Inglaterra, 2014-08-12, DD 18.JPG?width=200 "order=flip}} wide and 25 [[tonne]]s, erected 2400–2200 BC.")
![archive-date=6 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="Guinness">[https://books.google.com/books?id=rdU1xtIWJz0C Most Successful Group] ''[[The Guinness Book of Records]]'' 1999, p. 230. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/The Fabs.JPG?width=200 "archive-date=6 February 2009}}</ref><ref name=\"Guinness\">[https://books.google.com/books?id=rdU1xtIWJz0C Most Successful Group] ''[[The Guinness Book of Records]]'' 1999, p. 230. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</ref>")
![[[Christ Church, Oxford]], is part of the [[University of Oxford]], which traces its foundations back to c. 1096.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tom Quad, Christ Church 2004-01-21.jpg?width=200 "[[Christ Church, Oxford]], is part of the [[University of Oxford]], which traces its foundations back to c. 1096.")
.jpg?width=200 "archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325155905/https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/relations-non-eu-countries/relations-united-kingdom/eu-uk-trade-and-cooperation-agreement_en}}</ref>")
![[[J. M. W. Turner]] self-portrait, oil on canvas, c. 1799](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Turner selfportrait.jpg?width=200 "[[J. M. W. Turner]] self-portrait, oil on canvas, c. 1799")
![ancient universities]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/University of Glasgow Quadrangle.jpg?width=200 "ancient universities]]")
Wikipedia
The Kingdom of Jerusalem, officially known as the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, also known as the Frankish Kingdom of Jerusalem, was a Crusader state that was established in the Levant immediately after the First Crusade. It lasted for almost two hundred years, from the accession of Godfrey of Bouillon in 1099 until the siege of Acre in 1291. Its history is divided into two periods with a brief interruption in its existence, beginning with its collapse after the siege of Jerusalem in 1187 and its restoration after the Third Crusade in 1192.
The original Kingdom of Jerusalem lasted from 1099 to 1187 before being almost entirely overrun by the Ayyubid Sultanate under Saladin. Following the Third Crusade, it was re-established in Acre in 1192. The re-established state is commonly known as the "Second Kingdom of Jerusalem" or alternatively as the "Kingdom of Acre" after its new capital city. Acre remained the capital for the rest of its existence excluding the two decades that followed the Crusaders' establishment of partial control over Jerusalem during the Sixth Crusade, through the diplomacy of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen vis-à-vis the Ayyubids.
The vast majority of the Crusaders who established and settled the Kingdom of Jerusalem were from the Kingdom of France, as were the knights and soldiers who made up the bulk of the steady flow of reinforcements throughout the two-hundred-year span of its existence; its rulers and elite were therefore predominantly French. French Crusaders also brought their language to the Levant, thus establishing Old French as the lingua franca of the Crusader states, in which Latin served as the official language. While the majority of the population in the countryside comprised Christians and Muslims from local Levantine ethnicities, many Europeans (primarily French and Italian) also arrived to settle in villages across the region.
